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:''This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the third century, see Gallic Empire.'' The term Gallo-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Gaul under the rule of the Roman Empire. This was characterized by the Gaulish adoption or adaptation of Roman morals and way of life in a uniquely Gaulish context.〔A recent survey is G. Woolf, ''Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul'' (Cambridge University Press) 1998.〕 The well-studied meld of cultures〔Modern interpretations are revising the earlier dichotomy of "Romanization" and "resistance", especially as viewed, under the increased influence of archaeology, through the material remains of patterns of everyday consumption, as in Woolf 1998:169-205, who emphasised the finds at Vesontio/Besançon.〕 in Gaul gives historians a model against which to compare and contrast parallel developments of Romanization in other, less-studied Roman provinces. ''Interpretatio romana'' offered Roman names for Gaulish deities such as the smith-god Gobannus,〔J Pollini, ''Gallo-Roman Bronzes and the Process of Romanization: The Cobannus Hoard'', in series Monumenta Graeca et Romana, 9 (Leiden:Brill) 2002.〕 but of Celtic deities only the horse-patroness Epona penetrated Romanized cultures beyond the confines of Gaul.〔L.S. Oaks, "The goddess Epona: concepts of sovereignty in a changing landscape" in ''Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire'', 1986〕 The barbarian invasions beginning in the early fifth century forced upon Gallo-Roman culture fundamental changes in politics, in the economic underpinning, in military organization. The Gothic settlement of 418 offered a double loyalty, as Western Roman authority disintegrated at Rome. The plight of the highly Romanized governing class〔F.D. Gilliard. "The Senators of Sixth-Century Gaul" ''Speculum'' 1979.〕 is examined by R.W. Mathisen,〔Mathisen, ''Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition'' (University of Texas Press) 1993.〕 the struggles of bishop Hilary of Arles by M. Heinzelmann,〔M. Heinzelmann, "The 'affair' of Hilary of Arles (445) and Gallo-Roman identity in the fifth century" in Drinkwater and Elton 2002.〕 Into the seventh century, Gallo-Roman culture would persist particularly in the areas of Gallia Narbonensis that developed into Occitania, Gallia Cisalpina and to a lesser degree, Aquitania. The formerly Romanized north of Gaul, once it had been occupied by the Franks, would develop into Merovingian culture instead. Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the ''res publica'' and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in 418. Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the Silva Carbonaria that formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire, where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals, Gregory of Tours. The Gallo-Roman language eventually evolved into the modern Romance languages of France, including standard French, Francoprovençal, and Occitan. ==Politics== Gaul was divided by Roman administration into three provinces, which were sub-divided in the later third century reorganization under Diocletian, and divided between two dioceses, Galliae and Viennensis, under the Praetorian prefecture of Galliae.〔See Roman provinces.〕 On the local level, it was composed of ''civitates'' which preserved, broadly speaking, the boundaries of the formerly independent Gaulish tribes, which had been organised in large part on village structures that retained some features in the Roman civic formulas that overlaid them. Over the course of the Roman period, an ever-increasing proportion of Gauls gained Roman citizenship. In 212 the Constitutio Antoniniana extended citizenship to all free-born men in the Roman Empire. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gallo-Roman culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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